福州盆地南北港冲淤规律与洪涝灾害对策

本文探讨了福州盆地南北港冲淤规律，近年来北港洪水分流量呈上升趋势，洪峰对北港的压力加大，文中还对福州城防洪涝灾害的措施等方面作了研究。     

Erosion and Sediment Production in Small Watershed in Purple Hilly Areas and Prevention Techniques

Purple Soil distributes extensively and mainly in China. Because of abundant easily weatherable parent rocks/materials and unstable soil structure, and also influenced by parent materials, usage systems, and slope gradients, erosion and sediment production of purple soils are very severe with main fashions of water erosion and gravitational erosion. Basing on observed data in small watersheds, rainfall erosivity,vegetation coverage, previous soil water content, flow and relating factors such as climate, topograph of small watershed,land usage, and soil kinds are all the influence factors of erosion and erodibility of purple soil as well as sediment production and transport in small watershed of purple hilly areas.The effective technological countermeasures of ecosystem restoration, agricultural tillage for water conservation and erosion prevention, agriculture project, and soil changing for fertility and anti-erosion were provided.     

Impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin

The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin.     

陕晋蒙交界地带披砂岩丘陵区的侵蚀及其治理

晋陕蒙交界地带的披砂岩丘陵区是黄游中游河道粗泥沙的主要来源区之一。侵蚀十分严重,已导致沟谷面积迅速扩大,土层加速变薄及土壤中有机质和养分大量流失。强烈侵蚀的原因,一是历时短强度大的暴雨;二是水分入渗能力差.导致地表径流增大的披砂岩岩性特性;三是包括滥樵、乱垦和过牧的人类活动的影响。为了有效地防治披吵岩丘陵区的严重侵蚀,首先应以生物措施为主,工程措施为辅大力做好坡地的治理;其次,生物措施与工程措施并重,认真治理沟道;第三,必须制止乱垦,采用合理的耕作系统;第四,以草定畜,制止过牧。     

震区中小跨径桥梁墩柱配筋率取值范围

为研究配筋率对钢筋混凝土桥梁延性抗震性能的影响,并在不同设防烈度对主筋配筋率的合理取值进行细分。以钢筋混凝土桥梁为研究对象,通过拟静力模型试验与有限元数值分析的方法,研究竖向钢筋(主筋)配筋率对桥墩延性的影响,提出典型桥墩的多级性能水平量化指标;并探究在氯离子侵蚀的恶劣环境下,不同配筋率对桥梁抗震性能所带来的影响,从而对氯离子侵蚀环境下的震区中小跨径桥梁墩柱配筋率取值范围提供参考建议。结果表明：考虑氯离子侵蚀作用下的恢复力模型能够较好地反映刚度的退化特性,墩柱的最佳配筋率取值范围为1.11%～2.72%;当加速度为0.3g(g为重力加速度)时,仅从配筋率的角度已无法满足墩柱的损伤指标,建议采用减隔震体系进行抗震设计,如采用延性体系时配筋率不得小于2.64%。研究结果可为中小跨径连续桥梁抗震设计提供参考。     

海口分层流中的泥沙输运计算

本文展示了一个计算泥沙输运过程的三维数值模型,此模型的特点在于较准确地计入凝絮及河床侵蚀对于泥沙沉淀过程的影响,关于凝絮及侵蚀的定量计算模型已为大量实验所验证,且是首次被结合运用于三维输运计算。文中对于海湾区域的泥沙输运进行了数值研究,第一闪通过定量计算评实了所谓最大浑浊区的存在,并研究了影响其形成及强度的几个因素,这些计算结果不仅评实了数值模型的有效性,而且显示了其在泥沙输运研究方面的作用与潜力     

Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.     

空化噪声特性实验研究

利用不同类型的轴对称头体和ＮＡＣＡ１６０１２翼型做了一系列空化噪声实验,得到轴对称头体在不同空化数及不同速度下的空化噪声谱及翼型在不同的攻角下的空化噪声谱．这一系列的噪声谱表明,各种轴对称头体的空化噪声总声级随空化数的减小而升高,但噪声谱形具有明显的相似形;翼型在片空化、泡空化和云雾空化状态下所辐射的噪声谱存在明显的差别．噪声总声级的变化较为复杂,由泡空化状态转换到片空化状态,空化数虽然减小,但总声级会突然降低．针对翼型在泡空化状态下所辐射噪声谱的特征,利用单空泡溃灭理论进行了尝试性的解释和说明．     

旋转水流消能及其空化特性

研究了高水头（Ｈ〉２００ｍ）泄水建筑物隧洞内部消能的一种新型消能工,将竖井与隧洞切向连接,在隧洞内形式螺旋形的旋转水流,这种水流结构可消散水流中大部分能量,使流向下游的水流剩余能量较小,减轻下游的消能负担和减少下游冲刷。这种消能工的最基本的水流形态环流,在其固体边壁存在着较大的离心力,其中心为大气压,整个水流不会出现负压,流速迅速降低,空化特性较好,不会产生空化与空蚀。还分析了旋转水流的消能机理、     

空化水射流研究现状及其应用

综述了高压水射流技术发展及应用过程,认为空化水射流是一种富有发展前途的高效新型射流．通过对空化水射流机理、空化数和冲击压力两个重要空化参数的分析,显示了空化射流的潜在优势．实验表明人工淹没空化射流具有较强的冲蚀效果,并克服了靶距范围的不足．简要介绍了该技术应用于火箭发动机内脏固体推进剂清洗工程的射流系统设计．